Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily gifted it to Oxford in the early 19th century.

When Vesuvius erupted, it buried the coastal towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum in ash and volcanic debris.

The eruption came as a total surprise to locals, and residents who didntescapemetgrisly ends.

A Herculaneum papyrus fragment at the National Library of Naples.

A Herculaneum papyrus fragment at the National Library of Naples.Photo: Antonio Masiello/Getty Images

The area became an archaeological mecca when towns were rediscovered some 1,700 years later.

The papyri in the villa of Julius Caesars father-in-law were carbonized by the eruptions pyroclastic outflow.

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Top to bottom: a reference photograph, a texture image, a network-generated prediction image, and a network-generated photorealistic rendering.

Top to bottom: a reference photograph, a texture image, a network-generated prediction image, and a network-generated photorealistic rendering. Image: Parker et al., PLOS One 2019

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U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to the media during a guided tour of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts before leading a board meeting on March 17, 2025 in Washington, DC.

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