In fact, the Ptolemies opened almost 40 mines during their reign to fund military campaigns and construction projects.
Ghozza, however, did not yield much evidence of forced labor.
Overall, the findings initially suggest a freer environment than that of Samut North.
The iron shackles.© B. Redon
The shackles suggest that some of the workers at Ghozza were engaged in forced labor.
They also resemble other shackles discovered in a Greek silver mine in the 1870s.
Its worth noting that ancient Egypts reliance on forced labor was not uniquemany ancient civilizationsdid the same.
The iron shackles were likely fastened around workers’ ankles. © M. Kačičnik, Institut français d’archéologie orientale
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